br Experimental section br Results and discussion

Experimental section
Results and discussion
Conclusions In summary, we have prepared a kind of N-doped polymer-like nanoparticles from non-conjugated natural products, tartaric buy Tovok and citric acid. This method has some advantages such as easy-to-enlarge, easy-to-operate, high yield and simple post-processing. The as-prepared NFNPs show high fluorescence quantum yields (up to 48.7%) without further passivation, and exhibit high PL stability. The temperature-dependent PL experiments show that the obtained NFNPs have potential applications in the fabrication of temperature-sensitive devices. The NFNPs exhibited low cytotoxicity, and could be used in the in vitro cell imaging.
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgements This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No. 2012J06005), Education Bureau of Fujian Province of China (Nos. JK2011030 and JA13195), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20705031), the Foundation of Fujian Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (No. fjqi2013109), and the External Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (Fuzhou University) (No. FS1307).
Introduction Accurate monitoring of blood glucose levels is critical for health management of diabetes and hypoglycemia, allowing patients to monitor the effects of diet and exercise, and to make decisions regarding insulin dosage and timing. Glucose monitoring with handheld devices is often based on amperometric detection of either O2 depletion or H2O2 formation during enzyme-catalyzed glucose oxidation at enzyme-coated Pt electrode [1,2]. However, the accuracy of glucose determination is limited by the possible presence of other electrochemically active species such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen [1,2]. Chemical interference can be compensated for by using perm-selective membranes such as Nafion [3,4] and co-immobilization of glucose oxidase together with ascorbic oxidase [5], which pre-oxidizes ascorbate. However, the use of perm-selective membranes creates a diffusion barrier that increases response time and reduces sensitivity. In addition, since perm -elective membranes are often deposited by spin coating, the membrane pore size and thickness are difficult to control [6]. Chemical interference by other species that can be oxidized or reduced is also problematic during oxidoreductase-based biosensing of alcohols, phenols, sugars, and metabolic intermediates by amperometric monitoring of either O2 depletion or H2O2 formation [7–12]. This problem is addressed here by creation of a Bioeletronic Tongue for glucose determination within a mixture of chemically interfering species. The concept of a Bioelectronic Tongue was recently reported, combining hardware, an array of amperometric or potentiometric sensor electrodes, and software, pattern recognition algorithms [13–19]. While the Electronic Nose and Tongue are well-established, the limited sensitivity and selectivity of the individual sensor elements limit accuracy of the overall device [20–22], so sensor elements that incorporate biomolecules has emerged as a major research thrust [22]. Here we report an amperometric Bioelectronic Tongue that contains enzyme electrodes for determination of glucose ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen in controlled mixtures, and compare the response of individual sensors with the pattern response of the entire array. While others have reported electrode arrays that include multiple oxidoreductase enzymes, they have analyzed only the individual electrode responses, not the collective array response [7,8,11,12].
Experimental
Data analysis
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgements This research was supported by NSF grant # ECCS-1342618 and New World Pharmaceuticals.
Introduction The biological effects of ENMs, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), remain poorly understood and are an object of debate regardless of several attempts to fully characterize them [7,11,12,20,23]. Despite this, it is commonly accepted that inhalation of ENMs, the primary route of exposure for CNTs, can cause major airway and lung disorders [4,7,12]. Recent research has divulged potential harmful effects of CNTs in the lungs including oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production, fibrosis, granuloma formation, and lung cancer promotion [8,16,20,31], while other studies have found similar effects as a result of various alternative ENMs such as cerium dioxide [14,15] and titanium dioxide [3,25].