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  • Curcumin is a major yellow

    2022-03-31

    Curcumin is a major yellow pigment in turmeric ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn, which is used widely as a spice and coloring agent in several foods such as curry, mustard and potato chips as well as cosmetics and drugs (Okada et al., 2001, Joe et al., 2004). Curcumin represents a class of anti-inflammatory and antioxidants reported to be a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (Venkatesan et al., 2000, Biswas et al., 2005). Curcumin exhibited antioxidant activity in renal cell line (Cohly et al., 1998) and ameliorated ferric nitrilotriacetic (Fe-NTA) renal oxidative stress in mice (Okada et al., 2001). Administration of curcumin has been reported to prevent renal lesions in streptozotocin diabetic rats (Suresh and Srinivasan, 1998). A number of chemical compounds such as melatonin, a pineal hormone (Sener et al., 2002), caffeic Uridine phenethyl ester (Parlakpinar et al., 2005), chelerythrine a protein kinase C inhibitor (Parlakpinar et al., 2005), garlic (Pedraza-Chaverri et al., 2000) including M40403, a low molecular weight synthetic manganese containing superoxide dismutase mimetic (Cuzzocrea et al., 2002) have been used to prevent gentamicin nephrotoxicity. However, investigations reporting the protective effects of plant-derived naturally occurring substances on gentamicin nephropathy are scanty.
    Materials and methods
    Results The effect of curcumin on BUN, creatinine and creatinine clearance in rats treated with gentamicin is shown in Fig. 1. Serum creatinine and BUN levels were significantly increased in rats after gentamicin treatment while creatinine clearance decreased compared to controls. Treatment of rats with curcumin before and simultaneously with gentamicin prevented the gentamicin-induced increase in BUN and serum creatinine (P<0.001). Curcumin did not alter the creatinine clearance but ameliorated the gentamicin-mediated decrease in the creatinine clearance (Fig. 1). Table 1 shows the effects of curcumin on urinary protein, glucose, creatinine clearance, urine volume and the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase. Rats treated with gentamicin showed high levels of urinary protein, glucose, and significant increase in fractional excretion of gamma glutamyl transferase and daily urine volume with a decrease in creatinine clearance (P<0.001) compared to control. Curcumin treatment provided marked protective effect and improvement on these parameters. Treatment of rats with gentamicin decreased the activities of CAT, GSHPx and level of GSH but the activity of SOD was unaltered compared to control. Curcumin decreased the gentamicin-induced reduction in the activities of CAT, GSHPx and level of GSH by 31%, 55% and 74%, respectively (Table 2). The gentamicin-treated rats showed significant elevated renal tissue and plasma MDA compared to controls. Pretreatment of rats with curcumin attenuated the gentamicin-induced increases in both plasma MDA and kidney MDA by 57% and 62%, respectively (Fig. 2). Fig. 3 shows the photomicrographs of control rats, rats treated with gentamicin and curcumin. Rats treated with gentamicin shows tubular necrosis with several tubules containing proteinous cast compared with control rats. In rats treated with curcumin and gentamicin, the renal tubules were normal with moderate infiltration of the intertubular connective tissue. The tubules and glomerular were normal. In rats treated with curcumin alone, there was no intertubular reaction. The glomerular and cortex were also normal (Fig. 3). Table 3 shows the effect of curcumin on exogenous oxidants (1mM FeSO4, 1mM ascorbate, 0.2mM H2O2) in gentamicin-induced renal and plasma lipid peroxidation (lipid hydroperoxide formation, LOOH). Lipid peroxidation induced by gentamicin when observed in the presence of oxidants (1mM FeSO4, 1mM ascorbate, 0.2mM H2O2) was more pronounced than in the absence of oxidants (P<0.001). Curcumin reduced the gentamicin-mediated increase in LOOH formation by 52% and 56% in rat plasma and kidney, respectively, in the absence of oxidants. Curcumin did not reduce gentamicin-induced formation of LOOH, both in the plasma and kidney, in the presence of oxidants.