C maxima fruit is the largest of all

C. maxima 5ht receptors is the largest of all citrus varieties. It is globose, pear-shaped with 11–14 segments. The pulp is white or pinkish red, spindle-shaped juice sacks that may separate easily from one another with sweetish-acidic flavor. Its fruits are used in traditional medicine as cardiac stimulant and stomach tonic [11]. Its fruits provide a range of key nutrients as well as many non-nutrient phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. The antioxidant and anti-radical activities of pummelo fruits are mainly due to the presence of carotenoids, lycopene, polyphenols, flavonoids, limonoids, pectin, fiber and vitamin C, leading to their protective effects against chronic diseases such as hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic [12–15]. Fruit, leaves and juice of pummelo are reported to contain flavanone glycoside (naringin), narirutin, pruning, hesperidin and neohesperidin [16,17]. Due to their important health-promoting properties, there is a growing interest to incorporate these compounds into food products, either to create functional foods or to simply replace commonly used synthetic food additives such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole in order to prevent side effects. Nutritional value and pharmacological properties of different parts of indigenous fruit of C. hystrix and C. maxima have been greatly reported, but there has been very little information on antioxidant and medicinal properties of juices. Hence, the present study attempts to investigate the total phenolics content, antioxidant, cholinesterase, tyrosinase, glucuronidase and type II diabetic related enzyme inhibition properties of fresh juice from the fruit of C. hystrix and C. maxima (Red & White var.).
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions In the present study, juice samples from indigenous fruits of C. hystrix, C. maxima (Red) and (White) demonstrated that they not only possesses antioxidant and radical scavenging activities but also exhibits excellent inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase and β-glucuronidase in vitro. Consequently, citrus juices that are rich in phenolics and flavonoids are suitable and promising for the development of safe food products, natural additives and cosmetics. Hence, it may be concluded that the antioxidant and inhibitory potentials against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase and β-glucuronidase action of citrus fruit juices can be used for the future therapeutic medicine due to the presence of potential neutraceuticals. Further studies will be conducted on identification of bioactive constituents, molecular mechanisms involved in antioxidant activity, determination of their efficacy by in vivo studies and demonstration of their safety and effectiveness in clinical trials.
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment The authors wish to thank University Grants Committee (UGC), New Delhi, India (Grant number 34-259\\2008) for financial assistance.
Introduction Chronic inflammation is widely recognized as a major underlying cause of various degenerative diseases including cardiovascular, Alzheimer\'s, diabetes, and cancer [1–5]. In contrast, acute inflammation is a beneficiary response by promoting vasodilatation which enables rolling, adhesion, and endothelial transmigration of leukocytes toward infected tissue. Acute inflammation is initiated by the activation of a variety of inflammatory genes encoding for adhesion molecules (e.g. ICAM-1, VCAM-1), chemokines (e.g. IL-8), and metabolites generated in the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway [1,2,6]. Phospholipase A2 provides AA as a substrate for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) which generate a variety of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively, triggering chemotaxis and vasodilation [1,2,6]. Activation of neutrophils enables phagocytosis and intracellular degradation of the ingested material mediated through lysosomal enzymes and oxidative burst. Oxidative burst is characterized by enzymatic generation of electrophilic species (ES) such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated by NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Chronic inflammation is characterized by prolonged duration of persistent infections, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, or prolonged exposure to toxic reagents. Monocytes differentiation to macrophages is an important event in chronic inflammation. Macrophages as the dominant cellular player activate several cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12) and chemokines (e.g. IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1) to perpetuate the inflammatory response [1–3,6,7]. Activation of the transcription factor NFκB plays a central role in the induction of many key inflammatory genes such as PLA, COX-2, iNOS, ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8[2,3,6,7]. The function and interplay of key pro-inflammatory mediators in the inflammation cascade as well as the balance between their up-regulation and down-regulation may ultimately determine the degree of inflammation [1,2,8]. It is generally believed that during severe chronic inflammation, accumulation of tissue destruction caused by ES coupled with damage induced by proteolytic metalloproteinases leads to pathological conditions of various diseases including cardiovascular, Alzheimer\'s, diabetes, and cancer [1–5].