Fig b shows that the

Fig. 1b shows that the population of the upper sublevel of the 4I11/2 multiplet with the s1p receptor of 2110 cm−1 does not depend on the rate of relaxation transitions relaxation to the main 4I9/2 level. The calculations proved that in order to adequately model the changes of the emission spectrum from the broadening of gain lines, under heating the relative population of sublevel 2 must be lower than that of sublevel 3. This leads us to conclude that the phonon–electron relaxation rate must be an order of magnitude higher than the rate of relaxation transitions to the main 4I9/2 level. The Boltzmann thermal population of the 4I11/2 multiplet to the main 4I9/2 level has virtually no effect on the population distribution of the multiplet sublevels, and, with a temperature increase, leads to a proportional population growth and subsequent population saturation of the multiplet.
Conclusion The theoretical analysis demonstrated that the deviation of the population of 4I11/2 sublevels from the thermal equilibrium affects the laser generation spectrum. It is evident from the solution of balance equations describing the population of the 4I11/2 multiplet sublevels that the population of the lower sublevels grows with an increase in temperature, with the 2146 cm–1 sublevel remaining unpopulated. This ultimately leads to the generation spectrum shifting to the long-wave frequency region with a temperature increase, due to the influence that the gain line with a 1068.2-nm wavelength has on the generation spectrum.
Even in the 21st century, sepsis still presents a formidable medical problem. Studies carried out in twenty countries worldwide confirm that the incidences of septic complications of infections are associated with high death rates and tend to increase despite all advances in developing novel antibacterial drugs with broader ranges of activity and techniques for resuscitation, intensive care, and extracorporeal blood treatment. Sepsis progresses to septic shock in 58% of cases, and sepsis-associated death rates range, according to different estimates, from 20% to 50% .
Introduction One of the main goals of high-energy nuclear physics is studying the phase diagram of the strongly interacting nuclear matter. It is assumed that nuclear matter undergoes a phase transition from hadronic to partonic degrees of freedom at high temperature and/or baryonic density [1,2]. Phase transition studies can help to better understand different phenomena of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) such as confinement and chiral symmetry violation which do not have a clear theoretical explanation at the moment. In laboratory conditions, high temperatures and baryonic densities can be achieved in central collisions of relativistic heavy nuclei. In such collisions the kinetic energy of colliding particles disperses inside a large volume of nuclear matter involved in the reaction. Simultaneous heating and squeezing of nuclear matter can lead to a phase transition of matter from colorless hadrons to a state of free quarks and gluons called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) [3]. In 2005 all collaborations at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [4] in the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL, USA) announced the experimental observation of a new state of matter that is the strongly interacting QGP [1,2]. The observed substance had properties of a nearly perfect liquid with partonic degrees of freedom, high energy and color charge density. The conclusion that a new state of nuclear matter is formed in central heavy nuclei collisions at RHIC energies was based on the body of experimental observations and their interpretation within the QCD. One of the main results in favor of QGP formation at RHIC was the observation of hadron suppression at high transverse momentum called the jet-quenching effect [5,6]. This suppression occurs as a result of energy losses of high-energy partons traversing the color-charged medium formed in the relativistic nuclei collisions [7,8]. Measuring the suppression level allows to estimate the energy losses of the in-medium partons and so to study the properties of that medium. It should be noted that an intermediate medium is not expected to form in the collisions of light and heavy nuclei and the jet-quenching effect should not occur.