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  • keap1 nrf2 Possible ways to improve iron

    2018-11-12

    Possible ways to improve iron status may include food fortification, diet, anti-helminths treatment and supplementation [3]. Seaweeds are promising natural resources in terms of availability and nutrient density. The benefits of seaweeds are numerous and profound. Harvested in pure seawater, seaweeds can be considered as nature\'s most complete and balanced nutrient food source [4]. Seaweeds draw an extraordinary wealth of mineral elements from the sea that can account for up to 36% of its dry mass. The mineral macronutrients include sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus; the micronutrients include iodine, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, boron, nickel and cobalt. Gram for gram, they are higher in vitamins and minerals than any other class of food. Seaweeds are best used in treating mineral deficiency diseases [5]. Ulva reticulata a green seaweed was found to have high iron content and incorporated the seaweed in chocolates, this was done to improve the palatability of the product and chocolate is an all time favorite for all age groups and the ease of packaging and supplementation, chocolate was used as a carrier to supplement the seaweed for anemic adolescent subjects. Moreover it is reported that 40g chocolate contains six percent of iron recommended for an adult. Hence seaweed chocolate along with grains and nuts were developed and assessed its impact on supplementing to anemic adolescent girls.
    Materials and methods
    Results Three hundred and fifty girls had a keap1 nrf2 level below 8g/dL and 78 students had Hb below 7g/dL. U. reticulata seaweed chocolate had the highest consumer acceptability than the standard chocolate. One hundred grams of seaweed chocolate provided 30g of carbohydrate, 8.9g of fat, 10.9g of protein and 243kcal of energy. The iron content was high (56mg) (Table 1). The in vitro iron bioavailability of U. reticulata extract and U. reticulata chocolate had 11.57mg of available iron which was less than the available iron keap1 nrf2 of the extract (11.80mg) and plain chocolate had only 4.56mg of bioavailable iron. The percentage of bioavailable iron shows that seaweed chocolate had the maximum iron bioavailability of 21%, which is 10% higher than the plain chocolate. Hence chocolate was chosen as an ideal source for incorporating seaweed which will be relished by the young population. The socioeconomic status of the selected adolescent girls is given in Table 2. Thirty-nine percent of the subject\'s parents were agriculturists. The family income for 65% of adolescents ranged between Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 10,000. Table 3 indicates the age of puberty of the selected adolescent anemic girls. The body mass index of the selected adolescent girls is presented in Table 4. It was found that 15 girls were underweight and 80% of the girls were in the fifth to 50th percentile. Only five girls were in the 85th percentile indicating that they have a risk of being overweight. The dietary pattern of the selected girls showed that 66% of the subjects were non-vegetarians, 19% were ova-vegetarian and 15% were vegetarians (Table 5). It is clear from the results in Table 6 that the selected girls had a deficit intake of the proximate nutrients namely energy and protein, micro-nutrients calcium, iron, vitamins, beta carotene and vitamin C when compared to that of the ICMR Recommended Daily Allowance. Fat intake was higher by 5.2–5.7% than the Recommended Daily Allowance in both groups. All the samples selected were residents of the college hostel and consumed a cycle menu which may be the reason for the deficit of above said nutrients in their diets. The clinical examination of the selected adolescent girls is presented in Table 6 and reveals that majority (32 girls in control) and (29 girls in the experimental group) had pale pallor and pale nail pallor respectively which relate to iron deficiency. Twenty-six and twenty-eight girls were observed to have pale eye pallor. All the above-mentioned clinical signs are indicative of anemia.