In October the Fourth Symposium on the Research of

In October 1992, “the Fourth Symposium on the Research of Modern Chinese Architectural History” was held in Chongqing. During the 7 years between 1986 when the field of study was established and 1992, four conferences were held supported by many scholars throughout Chinese colleges and research institutions. These conferences accepted a total of 179 papers, 92 of which were collected in four formally-published proceedings accordingly. The four conferences that were held in four different cities, as well as the progress of the survey of modern Chinese architecture with cooperation of Japanese scholars, became a remarkable sign that the formal stage of the field set off successfully, and made good progress in its early years.
Recent development since 2008
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
Introduction Castles were built primarily to protect settlements from attacks by external forces. It is possible to see castle remnants in the most sheltered parts of nearly all cities that date to the Middle Ages. In addition to these examples, castles or similar defensive systems have also been found in many now-abandoned ancient settlements and mounds (Karul, 2009). Castle architecture improved following innovations in construction practices and rules of engagement. Yet, although there are clear differences between castles dating from different ages and located in different regions, nearly all were built for the same purpose. In 1940, Albert Gabriel (Gabriel, 1940) performed the most comprehensive study of the fortifications of Diyarbakir conducted to date. He created a map showing the boundaries of the castle and outer walls and enumerated the towers. He also drew relief and restitution plans and depicted sections of some of the significant towers and gateways. This study is not an archaeological, history of arts or a historical research but an architectural interpretation based on technical measurements and morphological properties. In this buy Digoxigenin-11-UTP context, in Section 2, the historical development and location assessment of city of Diyarbakir and fortifications of Diyarbakir was made. Afterwards, the fortifications of Diyarbakir were generally introduced; their architectural properties, building techniques and materials were explained. Although there are differences in cover coat, morphology and plan arrangement, a three-D (Fig. 5) cross section of a tower was prepared in order to provide a general idea. In this cross section traditional wall building style, brick vault coating wall thickness, material and building technique were explained. In Section 3, the technical values depending on measurements in city walls and towers were expressed and typology tables of the towers that reached until today according to their outlook. In the number sequence of the towers, the number arrangement made by Albert Gabriel was followed. In Section 4, the evaluation of these studies was made.
The location, importance of Diyarbakir in Anatolia and development of Diyarbakir of fortifications
Dimensioning and typological research in fortifications of Diyarbakir Broad comparisons of castle plans reveal the dominance of two forms, circular and tetragonal, with individual turrets between city walls. Circular turrets can have multiple edges (most often 12), and towers can be semicircular or polygonal (Figs. 10 and 11). The towers forming the Diyarbakir city walls were divided into five groups, and the architectural properties and typological characteristics of the structures were examined. Four sections consisted of the towers around each of the four main gates, and a fifth consisted of the citadel towers (Fig. 6). A total of 65 of the known 82 original towers remain on the outer city walls. In the citadel, 18 towers stand undamaged. A table presenting the general typology was constructed from the observed formational properties of the towers.
Conclusions