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    • The analysis shows that room C requires

    2018-10-22

    The analysis shows that room C requires approximately 1.9 times its current total power of AEG 3482 at low frequencies or 2.2 times at mid and high frequencies, whereas room RAZ requires approximately 1.6 times its current total power of absorption at low frequencies and 1.7 times at mid and high frequencies. To improve the acoustics within the two rooms, many scenarios have been examined. Using large area of absorptive materials to achieve the optimal reverberations time may reduce intelligibility due to reduced beneficial early reflections. Thus, the main approach is to achieve the required total power of absorption using the less area of high absorptive materials at the important frequencies for SI. The proposals also include improving the STC of the windows and reforming the shape of the ceiling, either partially or completely, to remove shadow zones. The analysis of the suggested modifications using CATT software indicates that TOcatt in both rooms becomes much closer to Topt when covering specific areas with two different highly absorptive materials. The shape of the new ceiling was designed to eliminate the shadow zones and increase the early reflections as well. In conclusion, the speech intelligibility at all receivers, as can be concluded from the new values of STI (good) and C50 (approximately 5dB at mid and high frequency ranges).
    Acknowledgments
    Introduction Cathedral architecture is expressed by architectural shapes and structures as religious context is combined with socio-cultural backgrounds. The shape and structure inside a cathedral not only represent religious spatiality but also determine acoustical characteristics as a primary element (Scott, 2003; Lim, 2003, 2006; Kilde, 2008). In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted on the architectural design, structures, materials, and conservation of cathedrals from various viewpoints (García-Diego and Zarzo, 2010; Imposa and Mele, 2011; Bartoli et al., 2012; D׳Agostino, 2013; Bersani et al., 2014; Coronelli et al., 2015; Webb and Brown, 2016). However, few studies have been conducted on the acoustical characteristics of cathedrals. In particular, studies on the acoustical characteristics of representative cathedrals that are world cultural heritages are rare. A study on the architectural acoustics of the Basilica Lateranense in the Vatican and the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls (Raes and Sacerdote, 1953) and a study on the reverberation time by location inside St. Peter׳s Basilica in the Vatican (Shankland and Shankland, 1971) are a few of the typical studies on acoustical characteristics. However, such studies, which used early methodologies of acoustic study, seem lacking in precision of contents compared to that by today׳s systematic methodology using state-of-the-art measurement devices. Recently, various acoustical measurements and prediction methods based on humanistic considerations of the acoustical characteristics of cathedrals have been reported (Carvalho and Lencastre, 2000; Stepan et al., 2003; Galindo et al., 2005; Martellotta et al., 2009; Brezia, 2014; Suárez et al., 2015; Álvarez-Morales et al., 2016). Meanwhile, studies on the acoustical characteristics of cathedrals in Asia as Christianity propagated are even scarcer. Until recently, there have been only a few studies on the acoustical characteristics of cathedrals: reverberation and clarity (C80) in cathedrals and Protestant churches in Hong Kong (Chu and Maka, 2009) and acoustical characteristics by location of the sound source in cathedrals in Nagasaki, Japan (Soeta et al., 2012). The foremost value in cathedral architecture is the appropriate structure for religious architecture and large space; hence, shapes, sizes, and finishing materials inside the buildings, which can determine the acoustical characteristics, are very difficult to change. In this regard, Extranuclear genes is necessary to overcome acoustic limitations, and various methods using a public address system based on electro acoustics have been proposed in recent years. Recently, studies on practical research on acoustic designs of cathedrals around Europe have been underway and are mainly about the harmony of architectural acoustics and electro acoustics characteristics. Some of the typical studies propose a prediction model to improve acoustical characteristics in cathedrals of Apulia in Italy (Cirillo and Martellotta, 2003) and the acoustical characteristics according to speaker location in cathedrals in Tudela, Spain (Arana et al., 2008), and complement the public address system in a cathedral in Münster, Germany (Behler and Vorländer, 2013).